Abstract Thermophilic fungi constitute an ecologically well-defined group, commonly found in environments wherever decomposition of organic matter takes place, making them self-heating. The importance of thermophilic fungus in ecosystems contrasts with the incompleteness of our understanding of the group’s biogeography patterns, phylogenies and coevolution relationships. Actually, the lack of data about thermophilic fungi from the Brazil is a limiting factor that also contributes for this scenario. In order to reduce this gap of knowledge, we aimed to characterize thermophilic filamentous fungi in Araucaria Forest, Atlantic Forest biome. Species identification was achieved by using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) as molecular ribosomal markers. In total, 240 heat-tolerant fungal strains were isolated and identified as Thermothielavioides terrestris, Thielavia sp., Thermoascus crustaceus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizomucor miehei, Rhizomucor pusillus, and Rhizopus microsporus. All thermophilic strains exhibited optimal growth at 45 °C. T. crustaceus, T. miehei e R. pusillus were the dominant species, with the frequencies of occurrence of 35.00%, 28.33% and 23.33%, respectively. Our data reveals the apparent diversity of the Neotropical realm and may serve as reference to future studies that will try to elucidate important aspects of group.

ABSTRACT Super sweet corn breeding must develop hybrids that fully meet the expectations of the market. In this sense, the determination of keytraits for the selection of sweetcorn genotypes is a fundamental condition for breeding success. The objective of this work was to identify key traits for the selection of promising and contrasting genotypes of super sweet corn. The experiments were carried out in Guarapuava (PR), in two sowing dates. Seventeen traits related to the yield and quality of the ear were evaluated. To perform the multivariate analysis, data were subjected to diagnosis of multicolinearity, analysis of canonical variables, genetic divergence, hierarchical clusters, factor analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis. Grain yield, yield of dehusked ears, and number of commercial ears were considered related key traits in the identification of promising super sweet corn genotypes. Hybrid D3-20 × D5-41 presented higher averages than the others, considering the yield related keytraits.

Abstract Questionnaires for the assessment of knowledge and self-perception can be useful to diagnose what a dentist knows about management and administration. The aim of the present study was to create and validate the Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR) scale, based on meetings with experts in the field. After having elaborated the first version, 10 audits were performed in dental offices in order to produce the final version, which included nine dimensions: location, patient, finance, marketing, competition, quality, staff, career, and productivity. The accuracy of the instrument was measured by intrarater and interrater reliability. In the validation phase, 247 Brazilian dentists answered a web-based questionnaire. The data were processed using Stata 13.0 and the significance level was set at 95%. The instrument had intrarater and interrater reliability (ICC-0.93 and 0.94). The overall average of respondents for the DMS-BR scale was 3.77 (SD = 0.45). Skewness and kurtosis were below absolute values 3 and 7, respectively. Internal validity measured by Cronbach’s alpha was 0.925 and the correlation of each dimension with the final result of the DMS-BR ranged between 0.606 and 0.810. Correlation with the job satisfaction scale was 0.661. The SEM data ranged between 0.80 and 0.56. The questionnaire presented satisfactory indicators of dentists’ self-perception about management and administration activities.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade do rendimento de grãos de milho em ambientes com elevados padrões de manejo da cultura. Um total de 48 ambientes, constituídos por 12 locais e quatro anos do Sul do Brasil, foi usado para a avaliação do rendimento de grãos. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso com duas repetições. A análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade foi realizada pelo modelo bi-segmentado descontínuo, com erros de medidas nas variáveis. O comportamento dos híbridos foi estudado em função do rendimento médio nos ambientes inferiores e/ou superiores, das estimativas dos parâmetros da equação, e da qualidade do ajustamento. O híbrido 30F36 comportou-se mais adequadamente em ambientes superiores, sendo indicado para agricultores que adotam os mais elevados padrões tecnológicos de manejo, enquanto que o híbrido 30F53 foi classificado como próximo ao ideal, ou seja, indicado para cultivo em diferentes condições de ambiente. Os híbridos 30R50 e 32R48 são adequados apenas para ambientes médios. Existe estabilidade fenotípica muito boa em híbridos simples e de alto potencial produtivo.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the adaptability and stability of corn hybrids for grain yield in environments with high crop management standards. Ten corn hybrids were evaluated for grain yield in 48 environments, consisting of 12 locations over a period of four years in South Brazil. A complete experimental, random block design with two repetitions was used. Adaptability and stability were analyzed according to the bi-segmented discontinuous model with measurement errors in the variables. The behavior of hybrids was studied as a function of the average yield in the inferior and/or superior environments, the estimates of the parameters of the equation, and the quality of the fit. The 30F36 hybrid behaved better in the superior environments and it is indicated for farmers who adopt the highest technological standards for crop management, whereas the 30F53 hybrid was classified as close to ideal; that is, it is indicated for cultivation under various environmental conditions. The 30R50 and 32R48 hybrids are appropriate only for average environments. There is a very good phenotypic stability in simple hybrids associated with high potential yield.

IntroductionInsects have been described as mechanical vectors of nosocomial infections.MethodsNon-biting flying insects were collected inside a pediatric ward and neonatal-intensive care unit (ICU) of a Brazilian tertiary hospital.ResultsMost (86.4%) of them were found to carry one or more species of bacteria on their external surfaces. The bacteria isolated were Gram-positive bacilli (68.2%) or cocci (40.9%), and Gram-negative bacilli (18.2%).ConclusionsInsects collected inside a hospital were carrying pathogenic bacteria; therefore, one must consider the possibility they may act as mechanical vectors of infections, in especially for debilitated or immune-compromised patients in the hospital environments where the insects were collected.

Most strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) cultivars used in Brazil are developed in other countries, it became clear the need to start the strawberry breeding program in the country. To start a breeding program is necessary the genetic characterization of the germplasm available. Molecular markers are important tools that can be used for this purpose. The objectives of the present study were to assess the genetic similarity among 11 strawberry cultivars using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers and to indicate the possible promising crosses. The DNA of the eleven strawberry cultivars was extracted and amplified by PCR with RAPD and ISSR primers. The DNA fragments were separated in agarose gel for the RAPD markers and in polyacrylamide gel for the ISSR markers. The genetic similarity matrix was estimated by the Jaccard coefficient. Based on this matrix, the cultivars were grouped using the UPGMA method. The dendogram generated by the RAPD markers distributed the cultivars in three groups while the ISSR markers generated two groups. There was no direct relationship between the marker groups when the two types of markers were compared. The grouping proposed by the ISSR markers was more coherent with the origin and the genealogy of the cultivars than that proposed by the RAPD markers, and it can be considered the most efficient method for the study of genetic divergence in strawberry. The most promising crosses, based on the genetic divergence estimated from the RAPD and ISSR molecular data were between the Tudla and Ventana and the Oso Grande and Ventana cultivars, respectively.

Os caracteres morfoagronômicos são tradicionalmente usados na caracterização de cultivares e no estudo da divergência genética, contribuindo na definição de estratégias para o melhoramento genético. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a divergência genética por meio de caracteres morfoagronômicos de 11 cultivares de morangueiro (Aromas, Camarosa, Camino Real, Campinas, Diamante, Dover, Oso Grande, Sweet Charlie, Toyonoka, Tudla e Ventana), nas condições climáticas da região Centro-Sul do Paraná. Foram analisados 29 caracteres morfoagronômicos relacionados com a planta, folha, flor, fruto e aquênios do morangueiro. As similaridades genéticas foram calculadas por meio de análise multivariada e, os cultivares, agrupados com base na matriz de similaridade genética, usando-se UPGMA. Dentre os 29 caracteres morfoagronômicos avaliados, oito apresentaram diferenças não significativas (p < 0,05). A similaridade média foi de 38%, variando de 19 (aromas e camino real) a 62% (Camino Real e Camarosa; Aromas e Sweet Charlie). O dendrograma alocou os cultivares em quatro grupos, contudo, essa divisão não foi coerente com a origem e genealogia dos cultivares. O cultivar Tudla apresenta elevado potencial "per se" para utilização em programas de melhoramento. O cruzamento mais promissor com base nos caracteres morfoagronômicos é entre os cultivares Camarosa e Campinas.

Morphological characteristics are traditionally used to characterize cultivars, contributing to the development of strategies for genetic improvement. In this study we evaluated the genetic diversity using morphological characteristics of 11 strawberry cultivars (Aromas, Camarosa, Camino Real, Campinas, Diamante, Dover, Oso Grande, Sweet Charlie, Toyonoka, Tudla and Ventana) in the south-central region of Paraná. A total of 29 strawberry morphological characteristics related to plant, leaf, flower, fruit and achenes were analyzed. Genetic similarities were calculated by multivariate analysis and cultivar grouping was based on a genetic similarity matrix using UPGMA. Among the 29 morphological characters evaluated, eight showed non-significant differences (p <0.05). The average similarity was 38%, ranging from 19% (Aromas and Camino Real) to 62% (Camino Real and Camarosa, Aromas and Sweet Charlie). The dendrogram separated the cultivars into four groups, however, this grouping was not consistent with the origin and genealogy of the cultivars. The cultivar Tudla has a high potential "per se" for use in breeding programs. The most promising crossing, on the basis of morphological characteristics, is between cultivars Camarosa and Campinas.

INTRODUÇÃO: Nas últimas duas décadas, os enterococos emergiram como importantes patógenos nosocomiais no mundo inteiro. Neste estudo, foi analisada a distribuição das espécies e a evolução da resistência aos antimicrobianos entre isolados clínicos de enterococos obtidos em um hospital terciário, no período de 2006 a 2009. MÉTODOS: As espécies foram identificadas por testes bioquímicos convencionais e o perfil de sensibilidade foi determinado pelo método de disco difusão. A sensibilidade à vancomicina foi também determinada pela triagem em agar e pela concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). Testes moleculares foram utilizados para confirmar as espécies e determinar os genótipos dos enterococos resistentes à vancomicina (VRE). RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 324 amostras de enterococos, sendo 87% E. faecalis e 10,8% E. faecium. A incidência de E. faecium por 1.000 pacientes internados aumentou significativamente (p < 0,001) de 0,3 em 2006 para 2,3 em 2009. A taxa de VRE também aumentou significativamente de 2,5% para 15,5% (p < 0,001). Todos os VRE apresentaram genótipo VanA e CIM >256µg/mL para vancomicina. A maioria (89,5%) dos VRE pertencia à espécie E. faecium e foram resistentes à ampicilina e quinolonas. Foi observado um aumento significativo na taxa de resistência à ampicilina, de 2,5% (2006) para 21,4% (2009). As taxas de resistência para gentamicina, cloranfenicol, tetraciclina e eritromicina diminuíram significativamente no período do estudo. Para as quinolonas, as taxas de resistência foram elevadas não alteraram significativamente, no período do estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do presente estudo mostram um aumento significativo na incidência de E. faecium resistentes à ampicilina e vancomicina.

INTRODUCTION: In the past two decades members of the genus Enterococcus have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens worldwide. This study prospectively analyzed the distribution of species and trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of enterococci in a Brazilian tertiary hospital from 2006-2009. METHODS: Enterococcal species were identified by conventional biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was performed by disk diffusion in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A screening test for vancomycin was also performed. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for vancomycin was determined using the broth dilution method. Molecular assays were used to confirm speciation and genotype of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). RESULTS: A total of 324 non-repetitive enterococcal isolates were recovered, of which 87% were E. faecalis and 10.8% E. faecium. The incidence of E. faecium per 1,000 admissions increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 0.3 in 2006 to 2.3 in 2009. The VRE rate also increased over time from 2.5% to 15.5% (p < 0.001). All VRE expressed high-level resistance to vancomycin (MIC >256µg/ mL) and harbored vanA genes. The majority (89.5%) of VRE belonged to E. faecium species, which were characteristically resistant to ampicillin and quinolones. Overall, ampicillin resistance rate increased significantly from 2.5% to 21.4% from 2006-2009. Resistance rates for gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin significantly decreased over time, although they remained high. Quinolones resistance rates were high and did not change significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained show a significant increasing trend in the incidence of E. faecium resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar marcadores moleculares previamente associados a genes que conferem resistência à ferrugem-da-folha, em genótipos brasileiros de trigo. Cinco marcadores STS e SCAR, identificados como associados aos alelos de resistência dos genes Lr1, Lr9, Lr10 e Lr24, foram avaliados por PCR, em 25 genótipos de trigo com conhecida presença ou ausência desses alelos. O marcador STS, associado ao alelo de resistência do gene Lr1, não foi eficiente em identificar genótipos brasileiros que possuem este alelo de resistência. Os marcadores STS e SCAR, associados a Lr9, Lr10 e Lr24, foram eficientes na identificação de plantas que possuem o alelo de resistência desses genes, e podem ser utilizados na seleção por marcadores da resistência à ferrugem-da-folha, em genótipos brasileiros de trigo.

The objective of this work was to validate molecular markers previously associated to leaf rust resistance genes in Brazilian wheat genotypes. Five STS and SCAR markers identified as associated to the resistance alleles of the genes Lr1, Lr9, Lr10 and Lr24 were tested by PCR in 25 Brazilian wheat genotypes with known presence or absence of these alleles. The STS marker associated to Lr1 was not efficient in identifying Brazilian genotypes carrying its resistance allele. The STS and SCAR markers associated to Lr9, Lr10 and Lr24 are efficient in identifying plants carrying the resistance alleles for these genes, and therefore, can be used for marker-assisted selection of leaf rust resistance in Brazilian wheat genotypes.

Este trabalho identificou variedades de Cryptococcus neoformans e avaliou a suscetibilidade a antifúngicos pelo protocolo M27-A2 do National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards em isolados de 35 pacientes do Hospital Escola da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. A variedade gatti foi identificada em 11.4% (nº = 4) dos casos. A concentração inibitória mínima (mg/ml) dos isolados de Cryptococcus neoformans neoformans variou de 0,062 - 2,000 (anfotericina B), 0,250 - 8,000 (fluconazol), 0,062 - 1,000 (itraconazol) e 0,125 - 1,000 (cetoconazol). A variedade gattii apresentou concentração inibitória mínima de 0,125 - 2,000 (anfotericina B), 0,250 - 16,00 (fluconazol), 0,062 - 1,000 (itraconazol) e 0,125 - 4,000 (cetoconazol). Detectaram-se 2 isolados resistentes ao itraconazol e 2 a anfotericina B (1 isolado de cada variedade por antifúngico). Os dados mostram a importância da determinação da variedade e da concentração inibitória mínima de isolados de Cryptococcus neoformans para monitorar o desenvolvimento de resistência e possibilitar uma terapia mais adequada na criptococose.

This study identified Cryptococcus neoformans varieties isolated from 35 patients at teaching hospital of the Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro and evaluated the susceptibility to antifungal agents among these samples using the protocol M27-A2 from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The gattii variety was identified in 11.4% of the cases (n = 4). The minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) of Cryptococcus neoformans neoformans isolates ranged from 0.062 to 2.000 (amphotericin B), 0.250 to 8.000 (fluconazole), 0.062 to 1.000 (itraconazole) and 0.125 to 1.000 (ketoconazole). The gattii variety presented a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.125 to 2.000 (amphotericin B), 0.250 to 16.00 (fluconazole), 0.062 to 1.000 (itraconazole) and 0.125 to 4.000 (ketoconazole). Two isolates resistant to itraconazole and two resistant to amphotericin B (one isolate of each variety per antifungal agent) were found. These data show the importance of determining the variety and minimum inhibitory concentration of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates, in order to monitor resistance development and enable better treatment for cryptococcosis.

Estudou-se patógenos associados às formigas encontradas no Hospital Escola da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG. Três espécies de formiga foram identificadas: Tapinoma melanocephalum, Pheidole sp e Paratrechina longicornis. Os principais microorganismos encontrados foram Staphylococcus sp, bacilo Gram-positivo, Pseudomonas sp e Micrococcus sp. Os resultados das coletas foram analisados, segundo o número de colônias e os diferentes microrganismos isolados, aplicando teste t de Student. A análise estatística revelou diferença significativa apenas para Staphylococcus sp com p = 0,005. É possível que formigas e agentes patogênicos tenham associações mutualísticas, e que a análise dessa relação possa levar a novas estratégias de controle, com ênfase não apenas nos insetos, mas especialmente em qual agente está associada essa espécie de inseto.

The pathogens associated with ants at the teaching hospital of the Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, in Uberaba, MG, were studied. Three species of ants were identified: Tapinoma melanocephalum, Pheidole sp and Paratrechina longicornis. The principal microorganisms found were Staphylococcus sp, Gram-positive bacilli, Pseudomonas sp and Micrococcus sp. The results from the collections were analyzed according to the number of colonies and the different microorganisms isolated, using Student's t test. The statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference only with regard to Staphylococcus sp. (p =0.005). It is possible that ants and pathogenic agents have mutualistic associations, and that analysis of such relationships may lead to new pest control strategies, with an emphasis not only on the insects but also especially on which agent is associated with these insect species.

Com o objetivo de ampliar o período de conservação e de comercialização do caqui 'Fuyu', foram testadas alternativas para a manutenção da qualidade dos frutos. Realizaram-se três experimentos: 1) os frutos foram armazenados na temperatura de 18 ± 3°C e UR de 80 ± 5%, como ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, avaliados na colheita aos 7 e aos 14 dias; 2) os frutos foram conservados na temperatura de 0 ± 1,0°C e UR de 95 ± 5%, com ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, avaliados na colheita e aos 45 + 3 dias de comercialização simulada, e 3) os frutos foram armazenados em atmosfera modificada (AM) com filmes de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 80µm de espessura e em temperatura de 0 ± 1,0°C e UR de 95 ± 5%, com ou sem aplicação de 1-MCP, avaliados na colheita, aos 48 + 4 dias e aos 48 + 10 dias de comercialização simulada (CS) na temperatura de 18°C. A concentração de 1-MCP utilizada nos tratamentos específicos foi de 500ppb/2h. As principais análises realizadas compreenderam: firmeza da polpa (FP), cor e escurecimento de epiderme (EE). Os caquis do experimento 2 perderam a qualidade de comercialização antes de alcançarem os 30 dias de estocagem. O uso de AM associada à refrigeração manteve frutos com FP acima de 40 N, além de prevenir a ocorrência de EE, após 48 dias de armazenamento mais 10 dias de CS. A obtenção destes índices proporcionou a manutenção da qualidade dos caquis por 48 dias de câmara mais 10 dias de CS no ar ambiente (18°C).

With the objective of to extend the conservation period and commercialization of the 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit, alternatives to mantain fruits quality were tested. Tree experiments were accomplished to develop the work: 1) storage at the ambient temperature (AT): Temperature (T) of 18 ± 3°C and relative humidity (RH) of 80 ± 5%, with or without application of 1-MCP and evaluated in the crop, at 7 and 14 days; 2): cold storaged (CS): T of 0 ± 1,0°C and RH of 95 ± 5%, with or without application of 1-MCP, appraised in the crop and 45 + 3 days of simulated commercialization; and 3) CS and modified atmosphere (MA) with films of polyethylene of low density (PELD) with 80mm of thickness: T of 0 ± 1,0°C and RH of 95 ± 5%, with or without application of 1-MCP, appraised in the crop, 48 of CS and 10 days of simulated commercialization. The concentration of 1-MCP used in the specific treatments was of 500ppb/2h. The main physiochemical analyses accomplished were: pulp firmness (PF), color and epidermis browning (EB). The persimmon fruits of the experiment 2, maintained in CS, lost the commercialization quality before reaching 30 days of storage. The use of MA associated to CS, maintained the fruits with PF above 40 N, besides preventing the occurrence of EB. The yielded results showed that the maintenance of persimmon fruits quality can be kept for 48 days at CS and more 10 days of simulated commercialization at the environment temperature.

Através de meios de cultura, foi pesquisada a posição de colônias de Staphylococcus aureus em colchões, visando avaliar a eficácia do procedimento de limpeza e desinfecção dos leitos do Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro (Uberaba). Foram analisadas amostras de 50 colchões no período de 22 de outubro de 2000 a 16 de janeiro de 2001. As amostras foram coletadas e semeadas, pela técnica de esgotamento, em dois meios de cultivo (ágar sangue e manitol) com posterior realização de provas de catalase e coagulase . Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos Mann-Whitney, Kruswkal- Wallis e Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test com nível de significância p < 0,05. Foram utilizadas 600 placas de meio de cultivo. Houve crescimento em 94 (15,6%), sendo 82 (87,2%) antes e 12 (12,8%) após a limpeza e desinfecção. Em relação à posição no leito, as amostras semeadas no meio de cultivo com manitol mostraram que não houve redução significativa na posição inferior do leito (p>0,05). Os resultados apontam e alertam para falhas no procedimento de limpeza e desinfecção dos leitos hospitalares por nós estudados.

By means of culture medium, it was researched the position of the colony of Staphylococcus aureus on the mattress, to evaluate the efficciuoness of the methods of cleaning and disinfection of the river bed in the Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro's School Hospital (Uberaba). It were evaluated fifty mattresses on the period of October 22th (2000) to January 16th (2001). The samples were collected and grown, the exhaustion techinique draining, on two different nutrient bases (blood agar and mannitol salt agar) followed by catalase and coagulase tests. For the statistical analysis, were used non-parametrics tests Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test with significance level p < 0,05 were used. Six hundred dishes of culture medium have been used. There was growing in 94 (15,6%), being 82 (87,2%) before and 12 (12,8%) after cleaning and disinfection. Concerning the position on the bed, the samples obtained from mannitol salt agar medium showed significant retention on the lower position of bed. The results alert to flaws in the procedure for cleaning and disinfection from the mattresses studied by us.

O presente artigo pretende divulgar no Brasil os estudos desenvolvidos pelo American Institute of Certified Public Accountants - AICPA sobre os chamados Assurance Services (AS). Essa entidade tem envidado esforços para reposicionar a profissão num lugar de destaque social. A expectativa é que os AS formem os alicerces da próxima evolução da área contábil. Destacamos o estudo que fornece um esboço de estrutura conceitual para os AS. Seu conteúdo inclui a definição, o escopo, alguns requisitos (independência, julgamento profissional, usuários, etc.) e a distinção entre os vários tipos de serviços prestados pelos profissionais. Entendemos que essa não é uma tarefa trivial, devido às diferenças culturais existentes entre os EUA e o Brasil. Observamos que os AS se caracterizam pelo aperfeiçoamento da informação e/ou seu contexto através da verificação independente. Embora compreenda serviços tradicionais (auditoria independente de demonstrações contábeis), destacamos os serviços menos estruturados e circunscritos às situações específicas (foco no consumidor - usuário). A exigência de independência e do julgamento profissional sugere que a existência de três partes envolvidas (o profissional, os envolvidos com o objeto da informação alvo do serviço e o usuário) é indispensável, mesmo que duas delas pertençam a uma mesma entidade. Dentre todos os aspectos positivos relacionados com a divulgação dos estudos sobre os AS no Brasil, atribuímos maior importância ao potencial de alargar os horizontes dos profissionais brasileiros. A "sintonia fina" entre a percepção do profissional e as efetivas demandas de serviços pelos usuários contribuiria sobremaneira para a valorização da contabilidade brasileira, trazendo benefícios para toda a sociedade.